Economic and political aspects of international trade theory
Introduction
Because it is comprised of countries with different cultural, economic and social backgrounds, the world of international business is extremely complicated. This complexity is further deepened by the fact that all countries, whether they like it or not, are economically related to each other in one way or another. For example, an increase in the price of one commodity such as oil creates a long and complex chain of events which makes analysis of all the causal relationships virtually impossible. The mass of data one finds in this situation is unmanageable and meaningless without some theoretical framework.
It should not surprise us that many theories have been developed to discern some orderly relationship between economic variables. However, we should remember that a theory is an abstraction from reality based on certain simplifying assumptions such as holding some variables constant or even not considering them and, unfortunately, the world is not a simple place. As we shall see in this topic, no single theory explains all the phenomena we see in world trade. This too should not surprise us because world trade is heavily influenced by politics - an area in which prediction is likely to be inaccurate.
This chapter is in two parts to keep subjects in the sequence they appear in your textbook. Part A is concerned with international trade theories (Chapter 4 of your textbook) and Part B deals with the political aspects of world trade (Chapter 5 of your textbook).
Topics
The following is the outline of the topics covered in this chapter:
- 3.1 Part A: International trade theories
- 3.2 An introduction to trade theories
- 3.3 Early theories
- 3.4 Modern theories
- 3.5 Summary: Part A
- 3.6 Part B: Political aspects of world trade
- 3.7 The development of world trading patterns
- 3.8 Protectionism
- 3.9 Instruments of trade policy
- 3.10 The case for government intervention (political)
- 3.11 The case for government intervention (economic)
- 3.12 Strategic trade policy
- 3.13 Development of the world trading system
- 3.14 Summary: Part B
Learning outcomes
The objectives for this chapter have been carefully constructed to reflect the most significant concepts and ideas we are going to cover and to provide a focus for your work during the chapter. After completing the work you should be able to:
- explain the pattern of international trade in the world economy
- discuss how global efficiency can be increased through free trade
- explain the theories of absolute and comparative advantage
- explain the factor proportions or endowments theory of trade
- explain how the product life cycle theory affects trade
- discuss the instruments of trade policy used by governments
- summarise the case for free trade.